❶ 什麼叫做生活黑水
1、黑水（black
water），糞便污水，其一是指含有糞便物質的生活污水，其二定義是廁所污水，包括沖廁污水和糞便。另外，糞便（night
soil）指不含或含少量沖廁水的黑水（建築給排水中的水按照水質可以形象地劃分為白水、灰水和黑水，自來水稱為白水，灰水是指淋浴過和洗滌過的水，而含有糞便等的廢水稱為黑水）。
2、黑水，造紙廢液中的黑褐色廢水，造紙工業生產中的制漿和抄紙兩個生產過程。制漿是把植物原料中的纖維分離出來，製成漿料，再經漂白；抄紙是把漿料稀釋、成型、壓榨、烘乾，製成紙張。這兩項工藝都排出大量廢水。制漿產生的廢水，污染最為嚴重。洗漿時排出廢水呈黑褐色，稱為黑水
❷ 求助！！生活污水處理的外文文獻
Raw Influent (Sewage) is the liquid waste from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks etc. Household waste that is disposed of via sewers. In many areas sewage also includes some liquid waste from instry and commerce. In the UK, the waste from toilets is termed foul waste, the waste from items such as basins, baths, kitchens is termed sullage water, and the instrial and commercial waste is termed trade waste.
The division of household water drains into greywater and blackwater is becoming more common in the developed world, with greywater being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas. Municipal wastewater therefore includes residential, commercial, and instrial liquid waste discharges, and may include stormwater runoff. Sewage systems capable of handling stormwater are known as combined systems. Such systems are usually avoided since they complicate and thereby rece the efficiency of sewage treatment plants owing to their seasonality. In addition, heavy storms may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. It is preferable to have a separate storm drain system for stormwater.
The construction of combined sewers is a less common practice in the United States and Canada than in the past and is no longer accepted within building regulations in the UK and other European countries. Instead, liquid waste and stormwater are collected and conveyed in separate sewer systems, referred to as sanitary sewers and storm sewers in the U.S. and as foul sewers and surface water sewers in the UK. Overflows from foul sewers designed to relieve pressure from heavy rainfall are termed storm sewers or combined sewer overflows.
As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles, (sediment), heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require stormwater to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for stormwater include sedimentation basins, wetlands, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids).
The site where the process is concted is called a sewage treatment plant. The flow scheme of a sewage treatment plant is generally the same for all countries:
Mechanical treatment;
Influx (Influent)
Removal of large objects
Removal of sand and grit
Pre-precipitation
Biological treatment;
Oxidation bed (oxidizing bed) or aeration system
Post precipitation
Effluent
Chemical treatment (this step is usually combined with settling and other processes to remove solids, such as filtration. The combination is referred to in the US as physical-chemical treatment.).
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