怎麼重蒸餾吡咯

Ⅰ 求蒸餾N-甲基吡咯烷酮水分和純度的測定方法

水分可以使用卡氏試劑滴定，選用醛、酮專用試劑，含量可以使用液相色譜測純度內 分析測試網路網容，分析行業的網路知道，有問題可找我，網路上搜下就有。

我公司就生產N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）的，其水分採用微量水分測定儀（K.F.庫侖法）；純度採用GC-FID測定，色譜柱採用強極性WAX毛細管柱，但是有的廠家也有使用中等極性柱（如DB-225、DB-210）和非極性柱的（如DB-1、DB-5）。

Ⅱ 求助溶劑N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）的無水處理，希望得到大家的幫助。

在1L NMP中加入100ml無水苯，進行共沸蒸餾，收集苯和水的共沸物。將余液與氧化鋇一起搖震，濾除乾燥劑，用分餾柱進行減壓蒸餾。

Ⅲ 乙烯吡咯烷酮（NVP）如何純化

乙烯吡咯烷酮（NVP）的純化
可以減壓蒸餾的方式來。

油泵60度左右，最好不要超過80，容易自聚，
從溶劑里蒸出來可以到100多度不壞，

Ⅳ 化工原料的製作往往分幾步反應呢比如吡咯

吡咯，別名 ：氮雜茂; 氮(雜)茂; 二乙烯亞胺, 氮茂; 一氮二烯五環。分子式： C4H5N .
吡咯的生產方法：

1、以呋喃和氨為原料，γ-氧化鋁為催化劑，經氣相催化反應而得。
2、由骨油和硫酸共熱分餾後，使轉變成其鉀鹽(C4H4NK)，然後用乙醚洗滌和用水處理後再乾燥、分餾而得。由半乳糖二酸銨在甘油或礦物油中熱解而成。
精製方法：將吡咯在氮氣流中進行蒸餾。或在氰化鎳的氨溶液中製成純凈的絡合物，然後進行干餾。

Ⅳ 吡咯合成聚吡咯一定要減壓蒸餾嗎

吡咯的聚抄合現在有兩個方法襲 一個是化學氧化法 一個是電化學法 要是沒有別的要求的話還是用化學氧化法比較簡單 在常溫下加入氧化劑就可以生成聚吡咯 要是你想要一些特殊微觀結構的或者是要一些導電率不同的聚吡咯的話 就要深入研究一些分散劑 或者。

Ⅵ 外語翻譯，本人急用，大家幫幫忙！！！

Determination of phenolic compounds in wines with enzyme electrodes fabricated by immobilization of polyphenol oxidase in concting copolymers
葡萄酒酚類化合物測定酶電極材料進行固定化多酚氧化共聚物里
Abstract—A copolymer of pyrrole with a new monomer (MBTA) containing an ester group derived from 3-thiophene acetic acid and (S)-(——)-2-methylbutanolwas used as the matrix for immobilization of polyphenol oxidase. Enzyme electrodes were constructed by entrapment of enzyme in the concting copolymer ring the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. The performance of enzyme electrodes was optimized by examining the effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity。The changes in the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) upon immobilization were investigated in addition to shelf-life and operational stability. By using these enzyme electrodes the total amount of phenolic compounds in red wines of Turkey was also analyzed.
摘-吡咯共聚物用新單體含有酯(-MBA)集團從3-吩乙酸和(S)-(--)-2-methylbutanolwas 作為固定化多酚氧化基質. 酶電極構造坑害酶在電化學聚合導電聚合物吡咯. 酶電極的性能優化研究了pH、溫度對酶的活性變化 最大反應速率(Vmax)和米氏-Michaelis-Menten常數(公里),經查,除了固定的保質期和運行穩定. 利用這些酶電極總額酚類化合物紅酒土耳其也分析.
Keywords: Polyphenol oxidase; immobilization; electrochemistry;phenolic determination; wine.
關鍵詞:多酚氧化; 固定; 電化學; 酚醛決心; 葡萄酒.
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言
The study of phenolic compounds is of great interest because of their contribution to the properties of fruits and beverages, such as color, astringency, bitterness, flavor and browning [1, 2]. Wine is one of the procts that is at the center of interest in order to optimize wine quality [3, 4].
研究酚類化合物具有濃厚興趣,因為它們對性能的水果和飲料, 例如色彩、收斂、苦味、香味和褐變〔1,2〕. 葡萄酒是一種產品為中心的興趣就是為了優化葡萄酒品質[3、 4].
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a bifunctional enzyme responsible for the formation of the natural macromolecule pigment melanin in different species [5]. In its first reaction, monooxygenase activity, PPO hydoxylates a phenolic substrate at the ortho-position to the hydroxyl group. In the second reaction, oxidase activity, the o-dihydroxy compound is oxidized to the pertinent o-quinone derivative.
多酚氧化酶(PPO)是一種雙功能酶負責黑色素的形成天然色素大分子在不同物種 [5]. 它的第一個反應,單活動,在基板酚類多酚氧化hydoxylates一個鄰位的羥基. 在第二次反應,氧化酶活性,鄰羥基化合物是氧化有關鄰醌衍生物.
Immobilization of PPO has been proven to be an alternative method to typical methods based on chromatographic techniques for determination of amount of phenolic compounds.
固定化多酚氧化酶已被證實是另一種典型的方式方法基於色譜技術測定 酚類化合物的數量.
In our previous study [6] immobilization of PPO was achieved in matrices of polypyrrole (PPy) and a copolymer of menthyl ester of 3-thiophene acetic acid (MM) with pyrrole. Results were compared with the MBTA matrice. Synthesis and characterization of both copolymers were studied earlier [7, 8].
在以前的研究[6]固定化多酚氧化取得方陣吡咯(吡咯)、薄荷共聚物 酯3-吩與吡咯乙酸(毫米). 結果與-MBA矩陣. 無論共聚物合成與表徵研究較早〔7,8〕.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2. 實驗
2.1. Materials
2.1. 材料
Tyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase, PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) was purchased from Sigma. Pyrrole was purchased from Aldrich and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from Sigma.
Pyrrole was distilled before use. 3-methyl-2-benzothiozolinone (MBTH), acetone and sulfuric acid, used in spectrophotometric activity determination of PPO, were also obtained from Sigma. For preparation of citrate buffer, tri-sodium citrate-2 hydrate and citric acid were used as received.
酪氨酸(多酚氧化酶,多酚氧化酶、歐共體1.14.18.1)購買西格瑪. 吡咯是愛和購買十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)由西格瑪. 吡咯是蒸餾後使用. 3-甲基-2-benzothiozolinone(試劑)、丙酮、硫酸、多酚氧化活性測定用光度,也從西格瑪. 制備檸檬酸緩沖、檸檬酸三鈉-水合物2、檸檬酸用刊出.
Catechol was purchased from Sigma. All catechol solutions were prepared in citrate buffer.
鄰苯二酚是購自西格瑪. 鄰苯二酚解決一切准備檸檬酸緩沖.
2.2. Immobilization of PPO in PMBTA
220. 固定化多酚氧化pmbta
The homo-polymerization of MBTA (Scheme 2) was achieved by constant current
electrolysis in one compartment cell consisting of platinum working and counter electrodes. Experiments were carried out in dichloromethane (10ml)/tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) (0.2 M) solvent-electrolyte system with 50 mg monomer at 0°C using 30 mA for 10 min.
同源聚合-MBA(方案2)是通過一種恆流電解白金車廂組成工作電池 電極和櫃台. 二氯甲烷進行實驗(10ml組)/四丁基四氟硼酸(tbafb)(0.2米)溶劑電解質體系50毫克單體在0℃使用 3010馬閔.
Immobilization of PPO was achieved by electropolymerization of pyrrole on a previously PMBTA-coated platinum electrode. The solution consists of 0.3 mg/ml PPO, 0.6 mg/ml supporting electrolyte (sodium dodecyl sulfate), 0.01 M pyrrole and 10 ml citrate buffer (pH 6.5). Immobilization was performed in a typical threeelectrode cell, consisting of the Pt working and counter electrodes and a Ag/Ag reference electrode. Immobilization was carried out at a constant potential of C1.0 V for 1 min at room temperature. Enzyme electrodes were kept at 4±C in citrate buffer solution when not in use.
固定化多酚氧化成一此前pmbta電吡咯包覆鉑電極. 解分為0.3毫克/毫升的PPO,0.6毫克/毫升支持電解質(十二烷基硫酸鈉) 吡咯0.01米和10毫升檸檬酸緩沖液(pH值6.5). 固定術的一個典型threeelectrode細胞 由鉑電極、銀櫃、工作/銀參考電極. 固定在一個常數進行潛力c1.01敏五室溫. 酶電極保持在4+C在不使用時檸檬酸緩沖液.
2.3. Determination of PPO activity
230. PPO活性測定
The activities of free and immobilized PPO were determined by using Besthorn』s hydrazone method [9]. For determination of activity of immobilized PPO, different concentrations of catechol were prepared (3.0 ml) and put in a water bath at 25±C.1 ml MBTH solution was added. The enzyme electrode was immersed in the solution and shaken for 5 min. 1 ml sulfuric acid and 1 ml acetone were added for a total volume of 6 ml. After mixing, absorbances were measured at 495 nm.
固定化多酚氧化酶的活動自由和決心用besthorn的腙法[9]. 固定化多酚氧化酶活性測定, 備不同濃度的鄰苯二酚(3.0毫升),花了25+水浴部分C.1毫升試劑溶液 . 酶電極在溶液中浸泡5分鍾和動搖. 1毫升1毫升硫酸、丙酮等內容進行了總額6毫升. 混合後,在495nm處測定吸收.
2.4. Determination of optimum temperature and pH
240. 最適溫度和pH的測定
Optimum temperature and pH determinations were carried out by changing incubation
temperature between 20 and 80±C and pH between 2 and 11, respectively. The rest of the procere was the same as the determination of PPO activity.
最適溫度和pH進行測定,通過改變孵化溫度20至80月2日期間+三和pH 11美元. 其餘的程序是一樣的測定PPO活性.
2.5. Protein determination
250. 蛋白測定
Protein determination measurements were performed by Bradford』s method [10].
The protein determination procere is explained in detail elsewhere [6].
蛋白質測定測量表演布拉德福方法[10]. 蛋白質測定過程詳細講解了別處[6].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Protein determination of enzyme electrodes
As it was mentioned in the previous study [6], the reaction rate for free enzyme was 11.2 ¹mol/min per mg protein. Protein determination results for PMBTA/PPO electrode showed that 0.0043 mg protein was entrapped in the matrix.
3.2. Kinetic studies
Vmax and Km are parameters that give maximum reaction rate and Michaelis–Menten constant, respectively. These parameters were obtained from Lineweaver– Burk plots [11].
Vmax for PPy/PPO and MM/PPO was 0.11 and 0.10 umol/min per electrode, respectively [6], Vmax for the PMBTA/PPO enzyme electrode was found to be 0.048 ¹mol/min per electrode. When we compared this result with other two enzyme electrodes in the previous study we saw that Vmax of immobilized enzyme in PMBTA/PPO electrode was half that of the other two electrodes. These results were also confirmed by the protein amount entrapped in the electrodes.
3. 結果與討論3.1. 酶電極測定蛋白質因為先前所提研究[6]、 酶的反應速度免費11.2¹摩爾/分鍾每毫克蛋白. 蛋白測定結果pmbta/多酚氧化酶電極顯示0.0043毫克蛋白質已然在陣. 320. 動力學研究公里的Vmax和參數,給予最高的反應速度和米氏-Michaelis-Menten常數. 這些參數是根據Lineweaver-Burk法陰謀[11]. 為吡咯的Vmax/PPO和毫米/為0.11和0.10μ的PPO/每分鍾電極分別[6]、 為pmbta的Vmax/多酚氧化酶電極,發現是0.048¹摩爾/每分鍾電極. 當我們相比這兩種酶電極結果與先前其他研究我們看到固定的Vmax 酶pmbta/多酚氧化酶電極一半,其他兩個電極. 這些結果也證實了蛋白質在電極數額已然.
Km values of enzyme electrodes studied in the previous work were very high when compared to that of free enzyme. Km is a parameter that is directly related with morphology of the matrice. When we examine the scanning electron micrographs of the three electrodes in Fig. 1, one can see that both PPy/PPO and MM/PPO electrodes have very compact morphology that make it dif. cult for the substrate to diffuse into the matrix. However,PMBTA/PPO electrode gives rise to easy diffusion for substrate by making enzymes more available, resulting in a small Km value, 18 mM.
酶電極研究公里價值觀上有非常高的工作相比,游離酶. 參數公里,是與此有直接關系的形態矩陣. 回望掃描電子顯微圖的三個電極. 1,可以看出兩種吡咯/PPO和毫米/多酚氧化酶電極都非常緊湊,使家庭綜合形態. 邪教的基板漫入陣來. 不過,pmbta/多酚氧化酶電極易產生擴散,使酶更可為基板, 造成一小公里價值18毫米.
3.3. Effect of temperature on enzyme electrode
Figure 2 shows the temperature dependence of the activity of immobilized enzyme. At temperatures between 50±C and 70±C, the enzyme electrode exhibits high resistivity to temperature change. Almost no activity loss was observed between these temperatures.
3.4. Effect of pH on enzyme electrodes
In the previous work [6], where PPy/PPO and MM/PPO electrodes were studied, the shift in the optimum pH values towards the alkaline side was explained as the partitioning of protons. The same behavior in pH dependence was observed for the PMBTA/PPO electrode, but this electrode exhibits greater stability towards high pH (Fig. 3). From pH 7 to 11 there is no change in the enzyme activity. This shows that this electrode can protect enzymes against high OH concentration.
3.5. Operational stability and shelf-life of enzyme electrodes
Enzymes can easily lose their catalytic activity and denatured, so careful storage and handling are essential. To determine the stability against repetitive use and shelf-life of PMBTA/PPO electrode the activity of electrode was checked. 40 measurements were done on the same day to test the operational stability. Graal decrease was observed up to the 15th assay and then stayed constant at 60% activity (Fig. 4a). Upon examining the activity change with time (Fig. 4b), we see that there is a rapid decrease in the activity which slows down after the 20th day.

3.6. Determination of total phenolic amount in red wines
The PMBTA/PPO electrode was used for analysis of phenolic amount in two Turkish red wines, Brand K and Brand D.
When we compare the phenolic amount of two brands, results reveal that Brand K contains twice the amount of phenols of that of Brand D (Table 1). This result agrees with the result of other two enzyme electrodes studied previously [6]. Results are reported in Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) [12].
330. 效果圖2溫度對酶電極溫度顯示固定化酶活性. 在溫度50+70+C和C組的酶電極高電阻溫度變化證物. 幾乎沒有損失,觀察這些活動拉開帷幕. 340. pH對酶電極作用於以往工作[6],吡咯/PPO和毫米/多酚氧化酶電極進行了研究, 此消彼長的最適pH值為鹼性方解釋劃分為質子. 同一行為觀察pH值的依賴性pmbta/多酚氧化酶電極 但這個展品更加穩定邁向高pH電極(圖3). pH值7至11月,沒有任何改變酶活性. 這說明這個酶電極可以保護他們免受高濃度哦. 350. 運行穩定和貨架期酶電極酶容易變性而失去活性, 所以小心存放和處理是必要的. 確定對重復使用的穩定性和貨架期pmbta/多酚氧化酶活電極電極遏制. 40在同一天進行測量,測試運行穩定. 逐步減少直至十五法觀察,然後下榻在60%活動不斷(圖4A)條. 經審查活性隨時間(圖4B)款 我們看到有一個快速下降的活動放慢後20天. 360. 總金額測定酚醛紅葡萄酒的pmbta/多酚氧化酶電極用於分析酚醛金額在兩 土耳其紅葡萄酒、K及品牌四品牌如果比較兩個牌子酚醛金額、 結果顯示,含有鉀一倍的品牌,品牌丁酚(表1). 這一結果同意其他兩位酶電極研究結果以前[6]. 結果報子酸當量(游戲)[12].
4. CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that PMBTA electrode can be successfully used for the immobilization of PPO. We can conclude that obtained results from the analysis based on kinetic studies, temperature and pH optimization studies and stability studies are very good. Like the electrodes studied in the previous work this electrode also can be used as an alternative method for the determination of total phenolic compounds.
4. 這項研究的結論顯示pmbta電極可用於固定化多酚氧化成功. 可以斷定,從所得結果的分析基於動力學研究 溫度和pH優化研究與穩定都是非常好的學習. 像這種電極研究工作電極上也可作為替代的方法 共測定酚類化合物.
REFERENCES
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參考資料1. 頁vinas、丙洛佩斯-erroz、馬雲JJ-埃爾南德斯HERNANDEZ先生和M-科爾多瓦、色譜J. 一個871,85(2000). 2. 林章、趙、老約翰鋼筋、肛門. 詹. 441ACTA,95(2001). 3. 第佩雷斯-magarino,導Revilla先生,米L岡薩雷斯-SANJOSE和S和Beltran,J色譜. 一個847,75(1999). 4. 米netzel、Gstrass,導bitsch、鋼筋könitz、米、鋼筋christmannbitsch、食品發動機J. 56,223(2003). 5. 譚布與Ehaghbeen悅、肛門. 藩. 312,23(2003). 6. 第kiralp、L、Y的雅克toppare詞,中國科學院. J生物學. 高分子. 33,37(2003). 7. 第kiralp,第阿爾康、Ltoppare,並引導ciangayagci、高分子J. 脊髓損傷. 純申訴. 化學. 苗,251(2003). 8. 甲Levent,Ltoppare,並引導cianga雅克詞、高分子. 化學. 體育. 204、1118(2003). 9. 六、第54,874,740Gpifferi、肛門. 藩. 72,643(1976). 10. 布拉德福德米米、肛門. 藩. 72,248(1976). 11. 帕爾湯匙、理解酶,四樓聲波. 家Prentice大廳,倫敦(1995). 12. 洛佩斯米,六內斯、丙del山谷、脅迫、丙米米羅、J色譜. 一922、359(2001).

其中有一小部分是我用翻譯軟體翻譯了一點，抱歉！

Ⅶ 精餾除水： 甲苯與水 乙醇與水 N甲基吡咯烷酮與水 升溫的過程誰先出來，怎麼接收分離

請問是這些的混合嗎？ 甲苯是可以直接分出來的！甲苯和水是不相容的！乙醇和水可回以精餾生石灰去水就可答以了。N甲基吡咯烷酮直接蒸就可以了
如果是這幾種混合：出來的依次順序：乙醇 水 甲苯 N甲基吡咯烷酮 乙醇出來過程中有水汽帶出可以用生石灰去除，甲苯和水可以直接分。N甲基吡咯烷酮沸點204 較高等他出來的時候其他成分都沒有了！建議適合的真空度 。

Ⅷ 吡咯結構式是什麼

吡咯結構式如下：

吡咯是含有一個氮雜原子的五元雜環化合物，其分子式為C4H5N，無色液體，沸點130～131℃，相對密度0.9691（20/4℃）。微溶於水，易溶於乙醇、乙醚等有機溶劑。吡咯及其同系物主要存在於骨焦油中，煤焦油中存在的量很少，可由骨焦油分餾取得；或用稀鹼處理骨焦油，再用酸酸化後分餾提純。

化學性質：

吡咯可用1，4 -二羰基化合物與氨反應製取，工業上吡咯由丁炔二醇與氨通過催化作用制備。吡咯與苯並聯的化合物稱為吲哚，是一個重要的化合物。有些吡咯的衍生物具有重要的生理作用， 例如，葉綠素、血紅素都是由4個吡咯環形成的卟啉環系的衍生物。

四氫吡咯是一個重要的試劑，它與酮反應失水形成烯胺，即氨基旁有一個碳 -碳雙鍵。例如環己酮與四氫吡咯形成的烯胺在有機合成中有多種用途。一般而言，用吡咯為原料進行實驗之前，要重新蒸餾後再使用，因為吡咯長時間暴露在空氣中易聚合生成聚吡咯（黑色固體）。

以上內容參考：網路-吡咯

Ⅸ 溶劑N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）的無水處理

Ⅹ 吡咯在減壓蒸餾時溫度是多少啊

真空多少？ 水泵的話估計60℃就能出來了。。要是想絕對拉干就用油泵。50℃拉三個小時。